Point-of-Care Ultrasound Attitudes, Barriers, and Current Use Among Family Medicine Residents and Practicing Physicians.

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has high interest among learners and educators, but many barriers inhibit training and clinical use. Interest and barriers may differ between educators, trainees, and practicing physicians. This study investigates interest in POCUS, confidence in POCUS skills, and barriers to POCUS use for residents, academic family physicians, and community providers. Methods: Online surveys sent to current residents, faculty, and graduates of an academic family medicine residency compared current use, comfort, training, perceived importance, barriers, and interest in future use of POCUS. Results: Most participants (95.6%) agreed that POCUS was somewhat or extremely important to family medicine. Most participants also reported interest in all POCUS indications, other than obstetrics. Very few (5.4%) reported being extremely comfortable using POCUS. Most residents were somewhat comfortable, whereas most faculty and graduates were not at all comfortable. A majority in each group reported inexperience with equipment and interpreting images as a barrier. One-third of faculty and graduates reported "not billable" as a barrier. Statistically significant differences were found between groups' reports of prior training, current use, and interest in POCUS for obstetrics. Conclusions: Family medicine residents, faculty, and community physicians reported high perceived importance of and interest in nonobstetric POCUS, but low comfort level in performing POCUS. Resident and faculty barriers may vary according to practice environment and differing time constraints. Senior faculty may have less POCUS training and comfort using POCUS than residents, highlighting the importance of continuing faculty education.

Access for Cancer Caregivers to Education and Support for Shared Decision Making (ACCESS) intervention: a cluster cross-over randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test an intervention named ACCESS (Access for Cancer Caregivers to Education and Support for Shared Decision Making). The intervention uses private Facebook support groups to support and educate caregivers, preparing them to participate in shared decision-making during web-based hospice care plan meetings. The overall hypothesis behind the study was that family caregivers of hospice patients with cancer would experience lower anxiety and depression as a result of participating in an online Facebook support group and shared decision-making with hospice staff in a web-based care plan meeting. METHODS: This is a cluster cross-over randomised three-arm clinical trial where one group participated in both the Facebook group and the care plan team meeting. A second group participated only in the Facebook group and the third group was a control group and received usual hospice care. RESULTS: There were 489 family caregivers who participated in the trial. There were no statistically significant differences between the ACCESS intervention group and the Facebook only or the control group on any outcome. The participants in the Facebook only group, however, experienced a statistically significant decrease in depression compared with the enhanced usual care group. CONCLUSIONS: While the ACCESS intervention group did not experience significant improvement in outcomes, caregivers assigned to the Facebook only group showed significant improvement in depression scores from baseline as compared with the enhanced usual care control group. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action leading to reduced depression.

New perspectives on robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy: An analysis of the National Cancer Database.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a common malignancy. Despite all advancements, the prognosis remains, poor with an overall 5-year survival of only 10.8%. Recently, a robotic platform has become an attractive tool for treating pancreatic cancer (PC). While recent studies indicated improved lymph node (LN) harvest during robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), data on long-term outcomes are insufficient. AIM: To evaluate absolute LN harvest during PD. Secondary outcomes included evaluating the association between LN harvest and short- and long-term oncological outcomes for three different surgical approaches. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of the National Cancer Database, including patients diagnosed with PC who underwent open, laparoscopic, or robotic PD in 2010-2018. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare continuous variables, chi-square test - for categorical. Overall survival was defined as the time between surgery and death. Median survival time was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method, and groups were compared with the Wilcoxon test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association of covariates with survival after controlling for patient characteristics and procedure type. RESULTS: 17169 patients were included, 8859 (52%) males; mean age 65; 14509 (85%) white. 13816 (80.5%) patients had an open PD, 2677 (15.6%) and 676 (3.9%) - laparoscopic and robotic PD respectively. Mean comorbidity index (Charlson-Deyo Score) 0.50. On average, 18.84 LNs were harvested. Mean LN harvest during open, laparoscopic and robotic PD was 18.59, 19.65 and 20.70 respectively (P < 0.001). On average 2.49 LNs were positive for cancer and did not differ by the procedure type (P = 0.26). Vascular invasion was noted in 42.6% of LNs and did differ by the approach: 42.1% for open, 44.0% for laparoscopic and 47.2% for robotic PD (P = 0.015). Median survival for open PD was 26.1 mo, laparoscopic - 27.2 mo, robotic - 29.1 mo (P = 0.064). Survival was associated with higher LN harvest, while higher number of positive LNs was associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that robotic PD is associated with increased intraoperative LN harvest and has comparable short-term oncological outcomes and survival compared to open and laparoscopic approaches.

Holistic Assessment of Quality of Life Predicts Survival in Older Patients with Bladder Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if clustering methods can use a holistic assessment of health-related quality-of-life after bladder cancer diagnosis to predict survival outcomes independent of clinical characteristics. In the United States, an estimated 81,180 cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in 2022. We aim to help address the knowledge gap concerning the impact of patient functional status on outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study of patients in the End Results-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey Registry. Age and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) responses were used as K-means inputs to identify homogenous clusters of older patients with bladder cancer. We analyzed the association between the identified clusters, patient and disease characteristics, and outcomes. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to compare overall survival. RESULTS: We identified 5 homogenous clusters that exhibited differences in patient characteristics and survival. There was no significant difference in cancer stage or surgery type among the clusters. The Cox proportional hazard regression demonstrated significant associations of cluster with gender, age, education, marital status, smoking status, type of surgery, and cancer stage on overall survival. Cluster independently predicted overall survival. CONCLUSION: Using unsupervised machine learning, we identified clusters of patients with bladder cancer who had similar mental and physical function scores. Cluster grouping suggests that patients' mental and physical function may not be based on disease or treatment. There are significant survival differences between all clusters, demonstrating that a holistic assessment of patient-reported health-related quality-of-life has the potential to predict survival and possible modifiable risk factors in older patients with bladder cancer.

Discharge process challenges of an academic vascular surgery service: A qualitative study.

Vascular surgery patients have a high incidence of unplanned hospital readmissions and complications. Previous research has not fully examined specific elements of the hospital discharge process for vascular surgery patients to identify issues that may contribute to readmissions. The objective of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore challenges identified by healthcare providers and patients regarding the discharge process from an academic vascular surgery service. Data were collected from eight focus group interviews and analyzed for relevant themes. Patients and healthcare providers identified several challenges within the standard discharge process, including ineffective communication, insufficient time for discharge education, and limitations accessing providers with post-discharge concerns. These obstacles may be ameliorated in part by specialized coordinators, caregiver support, and use of adaptive strategies outside of the current discharge process. The discharge challenges described by study participants likely contribute to adverse post-hospitalization outcomes, including unplanned hospital readmissions. A multifaceted approach that incorporates standardized discharge processes, as well as informal problem-solving strategies, is recommended to improve hospital discharge and outcomes for vascular surgery patients.

Characteristics Associated With Failure to Rescue After Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

INTRODUCTION: Failure to Rescue (FTR), defined as mortality following a complication of care, is an important indicator of hospital care quality. Understanding risk factors associated with FTR in the elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) population may help surgeons prevent operative mortality. METHODS: Elective open AAA repairs (2008-2018) were identified from Cerner's HealthFacts database using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis and procedure codes. Patient, hospital, and encounter characteristics were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression models determined the relative contribution of patient and encounter characteristics leading to FTR. RESULTS: For 1761 patients who underwent open repair for nonruptured AAA, overall mortality was 6.1%. Of patients with one or more complications (40%), mortality was 9.6%, increasing to 21.5% for patients with ≥4 major complications. Complications of care most associated with death were myocardial infarction (MI), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and pulmonary failure. After multivariable adjustment, FTR was associated with advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.19 for 5 y, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.34); female sex (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.12-2.70); congestive heart failure (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.00-2.73); peptic ulcer disease (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.18-13.5); diabetes (OR 4.90, 95% CI 1.90-12.6), and the number of complications of care. CONCLUSIONS: Complications of care were common following open elective AAA repair. The complications with the highest mortality included MI, GI bleeding, and respiratory failure. FTR was associated with female sex, comorbidities, and increasing numbers of complications of care. Often, the lowest occurring complications had the highest FTR. Adopting gender-specific assessment tools, a protocol-driven approach for perioperative GI prophylaxis, and preoperative MI risk mitigation may lead to reduced FTR.

A qualitative study evaluating the discharge process for vascular surgery patients to identify significant themes for organizational improvement.

OBJECTIVE: Transition from the hospital to an outpatient setting is a multifaceted process requiring coordination among a variety of services and providers to ensure a high-quality discharge. Vascular surgery patients comprise a complex population that experiences high unplanned readmission rates. We performed a qualitative study to identify themes for process improvement for vascular surgery patients. A validated discharge process, RED (Re-Engineered Discharge), was used to identify additional actionable themes to create a more efficient discharge process tailored specifically to the vascular surgery population. METHODS: A prospective, qualitative analysis at a tertiary center using a semi-structured focus group interview guide was performed to evaluate the current discharge process and identify opportunities for improvement. Focus groups were Zoom recorded, transcribed into electronic text files, and were loaded into Dedoose qualitative software for analysis using a directed content analysis approach. Two researchers independently thematically coded each transcript, starting with accepted discharge components to identify new thematic categories. Prior to analysis, all redundancy of codes was resolved, and all team members agreed on text categorization and coding. RESULTS: Eight focus groups with a total of 38 participants were conducted. Participants included physicians (n = 13), nursing/ancillary staff (n = 14), advanced nurse practitioners (n = 2), social worker/dietitian/pharmacist (n = 3), and patients (n = 6). Transcript analyses revealed facilitators and barriers to the discharge process. In addition to traditional RED components, unique concepts pertinent to vascular surgery patients included patient complexity, social determinants of health, technology literacy, complexity of ancillary services, discharge appropriateness, and use of advanced nurse practitioners for continuity. CONCLUSIONS: Specific themes were identified to target and enhance the future vRED (vascular Re-Engineered Discharge) bundle. Thematic targets for improvement include increased planning, organization, and communication prior to discharge to address vascular surgery patients' multiple comorbidities, extensive medication lists, and need for complex ancillary services at the time of discharge. Other thematic barriers discovered to improve include provider awareness of patient health literacy, patient understanding of complex discharge instructions, patient technology barriers, and intrinsic social determinants of health in this population. To address these discovered barriers, organizational targets to improve include enhanced social support, the use of advanced nurse practitioners for education reinforcement, and increased coordination. These results provide a framework for future quality improvement targeting the vascular surgery discharge process.

Older Adult Engagement With Facebook® Interventions: A Challenge for Nursing Research.

Facebook® is a popular platform for older adults, especially as they try to stay in contact with their family around the country. It is also a popular platform for hosting online support groups. The readily available, socially acceptable, and free platform holds many advantages not only for older adults but also for nurse researchers designing and implementing interventions for older adults. The literature is void of proven methods to measure individual engagement with the Facebook platform. The current article describes efforts to develop a measurement process and evaluate the impact that engagement with Facebook has on improved mental health outcomes for older adults. Scores were severely skewed and ranged from no engagement to very high engagement. Engagement differed based on sex, race, and living arrangements with patients. Further work in this area is needed if nurse researchers are to consider the role of engagement in social media interventions. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(7), 10-17.].

Individual-Level and Neighborhood-Level Factors Associated with Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Measures in Participants of a Clinic-Based Care Coordination Program: A Secondary Data Analysis.

Background: Identifying individual and neighborhood-level factors associated with worsening cardiometabolic risks despite clinic-based care coordination may help identify candidates for supplementary team-based care. Methods: Secondary data analysis of data from a two-year nurse-led care coordination program cohort of Medicare, Medicaid, dual-eligible adults, Leveraging Information Technology to Guide High Tech, High Touch Care (LIGHT2), from ten Midwestern primary care clinics in the U.S. Outcome Measures: Hemoglobin A1C, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and blood pressure. Multivariable generalized linear regression models assessed individual and neighborhood-level factors associated with changes in outcome measures from before to after completion of the LIGHT2 program. Results: 6378 participants had pre-and post-intervention levels reported for at least one outcome measure. In adjusted models, higher pre-intervention cardiometabolic measures were associated with worsening of all cardiometabolic measures. Women had worsening LDL-cholesterol compared with men. Women with pre-intervention HbA1c > 6.8% and systolic blood pressure > 131 mm of Hg had worse post-intervention HbA1c and systolic blood pressure compared with men. Adding individual's neighborhood-level risks did not change effect sizes significantly. Conclusions: Increased cardiometabolic risks and gender were associated with worsening cardiometabolic outcomes. Understanding unresolved gender-specific needs and preferences of patients with increased cardiometabolic risks may aid in tailoring clinic-community-linked care planning.

30-Day Readmission and Outcomes after Fenestrated Versus Traditional Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: Fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative for repairing complex abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Comparisons of outcomes for FEVAR and traditional endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are limited. We evaluated outcomes following elective endovascular AAA repair with FEVAR or EVAR. METHODS: Hospitalizations for elective nonruptured AAA repair from 2014 to 2016 were selected from the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) using ICD-9 and ICD-10 procedure and diagnosis codes. In-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), complications, 30-day readmission, and charges were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounding between groups. RESULTS: We identified 23,262 EVAR and 2,373 FEVAR with nonruptured elective procedures. In-hospital mortality was 0.14% for both groups (P = 0.99). Of those at risk for readmission (21,152 EVAR, 1,915 FEVAR), index LOS was greater for FEVAR compared to EVAR, 1.8 days versus 1.7 days (P = 0.028). There was no difference in procedure type based on hospital location (P = 0.37), teaching status (P = 0.17) or hospital size (P = 0.26). During the index hospitalization, pneumonia, renal, and respiratory complications were similar between groups (all P > 0.05). FEVAR patients were more likely to experience cardiac complications (P = 0.0098) or hemorrhage (P = 0.029). Total charges for the index stay were greater for FEVAR compared to EVAR ($125,381 vs. $113,513, P < 0.0001). All-cause 30-day readmission was similar between groups (7.0% EVAR vs. 8.0% FEVAR, P = 0.37), as were time to readmission (11.9 vs. 13.3 days, P = 0.16) and readmission charges ($53,967 vs. $56,617, P = 0.75). Renal failure was the most common readmission stay complication, with similar rates for EVAR and FEVAR patients (P = 0.22). Pneumonia was a more common complication during the readmission stay for EVAR patients (P = 0.004). Renal disease and chronic pulmonary disease were the most common comorbidities in the readmission stay for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with nonruptured elective AAA, FEVAR was not associated with increased mortality, length of stay, readmission, or most complications compared to traditional EVAR. Despite the increased technical complexity of cannulating and stenting visceral arteries with FEVAR, these data demonstrate that FEVAR carries a similar risk of renal, respiratory, and infectious complications compared to traditional EVAR. FEVAR patients were more likely to experience hemorrhagic and cardiac complications during the index hospitalization. EVAR patients were more likely to have pneumonia during readmission. The overall risk for readmission after an endovascular aortic repair was associated with female sex, greater age, chronic pulmonary disease, malignancy, and loss of function. Further investigations into the causes and prevention of 30-day readmissions are needed for both procedures.

Outcomes of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the setting of malignancy.

OBJECTIVE: Elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair for patients with a diagnosis of cancer has remained controversial. In the present study, we evaluated the in-hospital outcomes for patients who had undergone AAA repair in the setting of a cancer diagnosis. METHODS: Inpatients (2008-2018) who had undergone elective AAA repair were selected from the Cerner Health Facts database using International Classification of Diseases, ninth and tenth revision, procedure codes. We used χ2 analysis and logistic regression models to evaluate the association of patient characteristics with the medical and vascular outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 8663 patients who had undergone AAA repair were identified (270 with a cancer diagnosis and 8393 without a cancer diagnosis). No significant demographic differences were found between the two groups, except that more patients with a cancer diagnosis had undergone endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) than open aneurysm repair (88.2% vs 82.1%; P = .01). Male reproductive organ (24.8%) and lung (24.4%) cancer were the most common cancer diagnoses in the cohort. The unadjusted analysis revealed that patients with a cancer diagnosis were more likely to require remedial EVAR (relative risk, 3.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-10.2) or reoperation for bleeding, infection, or thrombosis (relative risk, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.09-2.32). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that, overall, patients with a cancer diagnosis were more likely to require a prolonged length of stay (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.3) and to have developed respiratory failure (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-3.4) or infection (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4). Similar point estimates were found for men with and without a cancer diagnosis. However, women with a cancer diagnosis had a greater odds of a prolonged length of stay compared with women without a cancer diagnosis (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.6). EVAR in the presence of a cancer diagnosis was also significantly associated with poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Elective AAA repair for patients with a cancer diagnosis was associated with a prolonged length of stay and the development of infection, respiratory failure, and vascular-specific complications during the inpatient hospitalization. Given that differences in outcomes stratified by gender and treatment modality have been shown for patients with a cancer diagnosis, careful patient selection is important and reinforces the finding that cancer exerts negative systemic postoperative effects even when treated or quiescent.

Preoperative HbA1c and Outcomes following Lower Extremity Vascular Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist evaluating preoperative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in patients undergoing vascular procedures for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This study evaluated the relationship of preoperative HbA1c on outcomes after open and endovascular lower extremity (LE) vascular procedures for PAD. METHODS: We selected patients with PAD admitted for elective LE procedures between September 2008 and December 2015 from the Cerner Health Facts® database using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes. Bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic models examined the association of patient characteristics, procedure type, and preoperative HbA1c (normal < 6.5%, high ≥ 6.5%) with postsurgical outcomes that included infection, renal failure, respiratory or cardiac complications, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and readmission. RESULTS: Of 4087 patients who underwent a LE vascular procedure for PAD, 2462 (60.2%) had a preoperative HbA1c recorded. The cohort was mostly male (60%), white (73%), and underwent endovascular intervention (77%). Patients with high HbA1c levels were more likely of black race (P < 0.02) and had significantly higher comorbidities (P < 0.0001). Elevated HbA1c was associated with diabetes (P < 0.0001) and cellulitis (P = 0.05) on unadjusted analysis. Multivariable logistic regression (adjusting for patient, hospital, comorbidity and procedural characteristics) revealed that elevated HbA1c was significantly associated with 30-day readmission (OR = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.12), but was not associated with the other outcomes. An independent diagnosis of diabetes was not predictive of complications or readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Historic glucose control, as evidenced by a high preoperative HbA1c level, is not associated with adverse outcome, other than readmission, in patients undergoing LE procedures for PAD. Given the known association of high perioperative glucose levels with poor outcome following vascular procedures, this is suggestive of a more important effect of perioperative, as opposed to chronic, glucose control upon outcome. Thus, we suggest focusing efforts on creating standardized goal-directed guidelines for glucose control in the perioperative period for LE vascular procedures to potentially mitigate complications.

Family Caregiver Problems in Outpatient Palliative Oncology.

Background: Understanding challenges of family caregivers within specific palliative care contexts is needed. Objective: To describe the challenges of family caregivers of patients with cancer who receive outpatient palliative care. Methods: We summarized the most common and most challenging problems for 80 family caregivers of cancer patients receiving outpatient palliative care in the midwestern United States. Results: Caregiver worry and difficulty managing side effects or symptoms other than pain, constipation, and shortness of breath were most common. "Financial concerns" was cited most as a "top 3" problem. Almost half of caregivers reported "other" problems, including family members, patient physical function, care coordination, and patient emotional state. Conclusions: The most common and most challenging problems of family caregivers of cancer patients receiving outpatient palliative care may differ from those experienced in other serious illness care contexts. Comparative studies on caregiver problems across the cancer care continuum can help develop and refine interventions.

Caregiver Speaks Study Protocol: A Technologically-Mediated Storytelling Intervention for Hospice Family Caregivers of Persons Living With Dementia.

OBJECTIVE: We present the protocol of a study aiming to examine the efficacy of a technologically-mediated storytelling intervention called Caregiver Speaks in reducing distress and grief intensity experienced by active and bereaved hospice family caregivers of persons living with dementia (PLWD). DESIGN: The study is a mixed-method, 2-group, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: This study takes place in 5 hospice agencies in the Midwest and Northeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS: Participants include hospice family caregivers of PLWD. INTERVENTION: Participants are randomized to usual hospice care or the intervention group. In the Caregiver Speaks intervention, caregivers engage in photo-elicitation storytelling (sharing photos that capture their thoughts, feelings, and reactions to caregiving and bereavement) via a privately facilitated Facebook group. This intervention will longitudinally follow caregivers from active caregiving into bereavement. The usual care group continues to receive hospice care but does not participate in the online group. OUTCOMES MEASURED: We anticipate enrolling 468 participants. Our primary outcomes of interest are participant depression and anxiety, which are measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder screening (GAD-7). Our secondary outcomes of interest are participants' perceived social support, measured by the Perceived Social Support for Caregiving (PSSC) scale, and grief intensity, which is measured by the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief Present Subscale (TRIG-Present).

Risk factors associated with 30-day hospital readmission after carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The current study evaluated all-cause 30-day readmissions after carotid endarterectomy. METHODS: Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were selected from the Cerner Health Facts® database using ICD-9-CM procedure codes from their index admission. Readmission within 30 days of discharge was determined. Chi-square analysis determined characteristics of the index admission (demographics, diagnoses, postoperative medications, and laboratory results) associated with readmission. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics independently associated with readmission. RESULTS: In total, 5257 patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy were identified. Readmission within 30 days was 3.1%. After multivariable adjustment, readmission was associated with end-stage renal disease (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.01-10.2), hemorrhage or hematoma (OR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.15-4.77), procedural complications (OR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.24-7.57), use of bronchodilators (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.03-2.11), increased Charlson index scores (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08-1.38), and electrolyte abnormalities (hyponatremia < 135 mEq/L (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07-2.67) and hypokalemia less than 3.7 mEq/L (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.03-4.98)). CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with readmission following carotid endarterectomy included younger age, increased comorbidity burden, end-stage renal disease, electrolyte disorders, the use of bronchodilators, and complications including bleeding (hemorrhage or hematoma). Of note, in this real-world study, only 40% of the patients received protamine, despite evidence-based literature demonstrating the reduced risk of bleeding complications. As healthcare moves towards quality of care-driven reimbursement, physician modifiable targets such as protamine utilization to reduce bleeding are greatly needed to reduce readmission, and failure to reduce preventable physician-driven complications after carotid interventions may be associated with decreased reimbursement.

Complex relationship between low albumin level and poor outcome after lower extremity procedures for peripheral artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: A low albumin level has been associated with poor outcome, including death, in surgical patients. The mechanistic relationship, however, is more complex than simply nutritional. As studies are scant in the vascular population, we sought to examine the association of low albumin level with outcomes in patients undergoing open and endovascular lower extremity procedures for peripheral artery disease. METHODS: Patients with peripheral artery disease undergoing lower extremity procedures (2008-2015) were selected from Cerner Health Facts database (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Mo) using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis and procedure codes. Age, sex, disease severity, and other comorbidities were captured. Outcomes were identified using codes and encounter data. A χ2analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: There were 6170 patients evaluated; 4562 (74%) underwent endovascular procedures and 1608 (26%) underwent open surgery. Low albumin level (<3.5 g/dL) was associated with age ≥80 years (23.1% vs 16.3% normal; P < .0001), black race (21% vs 11.6% normal; P < .0001), tissue loss (38% vs 16.4% normal; P < .0001), and higher Charlson index (mean, 3.1 vs 2.2 in the normal group; P < .0001). Low albumin level was also associated with longer length of stay (4.9 vs 2.2 days normal; P < .0001), higher in-hospital mortality (1.9% vs 0.3% normal; P < .0001), and higher 30-day readmission (15% vs 12.7% normal; P = .02). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that low albumin level was strongly associated with in-hospital death (odds ratio [OR], 5.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00-13.70), infection (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.96-3.22), renal failure (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.79-3.79), and cardiac complications (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.69-3.96). After multivariable adjustment, there was no association between albumin level and 30-day readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Low preoperative albumin levels are associated with in-hospital death, prolonged length of stay, and severe morbidity after open and endovascular lower extremity procedures. As the majority of lower extremity procedures are elective, serious consideration should be given to deferring elective procedures until albumin levels have been optimized. Because of the pleiotropic effects of albumin, including antiplatelet and inflammatory function, study of this complex relationship may offer insights into how best to integrate this novel biomarker into vascular surgery decision-making.

A Pilot Study of An Intervention to Increase Family Member Involvement in Nursing Home Care Plan Meetings.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many family members struggle to negotiate their aging relative's care with nursing home staff, potentially leading to depression and other negative outcomes for residents' families. This pilot study tested an intervention designed to empower residents' family members to attend and participate in nursing home care plan meetings. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a small, randomized, controlled trial of the Families Involved in Nursing home Decision-making (FIND) intervention, which used web conferencing to facilitate family participation in care plan meetings. RESULTS: Overall, FIND was feasible and acceptable. Family members who received the FIND intervention were more likely to experience decreased depressive symptoms than those who did not. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: FIND is a promising approach to reduce depression among family members of nursing home residents. Findings support the need for a follow-up clinical trial.

Readmission and Utilization After Repair of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has emerged as a less invasive alternative to open repair for ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (rAAA), but comparisons to traditional open rAAA repair and late complications leading to readmission are limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospitalizations for patients undergoing repair for rAAA were selected from the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). In-hospital mortality, complications, 30-day readmission, readmission diagnoses, and charges were evaluated. Design-adjusted chi-square, Wilcoxon test, and logistic regression were used for analysis. RESULTS: During 2014-2016, 3,629 open rAAA and 5,037 EVAR were identified. The index mortality rate was 21.4% for EVAR vs. 33.5% for open (p < .0001). Median index length of stay (LOS) was 4.9 days for EVAR vs. 8.6 days for open repair (p < 0.001). All-cause 30-day readmission after rAAA was higher following EVAR (18.9%) than open (14.3%, p = .007). Time to readmission and charges for readmission stays did not differ between procedure groups. Respiratory complications were more common following open repair than EVAR (20.4% vs 11.4%, respectively; p = .008). Patients who underwent open repair suffered more infectious complications than patients treated with EVAR during readmission (49.2% vs 39.8%, respectively; p = 0.054). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with readmission included having EVAR during the index stay (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.88; p = .003), increased length of index stay (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.01-1.02; p = 0.002), chronic kidney disease (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.18-1.94; p = .001), and coronary artery disease (OR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.02-1.71; p = .034). Aggregate readmission charges totaled $79 million. Readmissions were most often infectious complications for both repair types. CONCLUSIONS: EVAR was used more often than open repair for rAAA. In-hospital mortality and length of the index stay were significantly lower following EVAR. After multivariable adjustment, the odds of readmission were 1.5 times higher after EVAR, costing the health system more over time when prevalence and readmission are considered. Coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, and index length of stay were also associated with 30-day readmission. Further investigation into reasons why a less invasive procedure, EVAR, has a higher readmission rate and understanding post-discharge infectious complications may help lower overall health care utilization after rAAA.

Modified frailty index as an indicator for outcomes, discharge status, and readmission after lower extremity bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia.

Frailty has been associated with poor postoperative outcomes. This study evaluated the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) to assess complications, mortality, discharge disposition, and readmission in patients undergoing lower extremity (LE) bypass for critical limb ischemia (CLI).The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program vascular module (2011-2017) was utilized to identify patients undergoing LE bypass for CLI. Adverse events included infectious complications, bleeding complications, prolonged ventilation, amputation, readmission, and death. Patients were divided into groups based on mFI-5 scores: mFI1 (0), mFI2 (0.2), mFI3 (0.4), and mFI4 (0.6-1). Data were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic for general association and multivariable logistic regression. About 11,530 patients undergoing bypass for CLI were identified (42% rest pain and 58% tissue loss; 23% mFI1, 31% mFI2, 27% mFI3, and 19% mFI4; 64% men and 36% women). An increase in mFI-5 was associated with higher 30-day mortality (mFI1 = 0.62%; mFI12 = 1.45%; mFI13 = 1.35%; and mFI14 = 3.09%; P < .0001). After adjustment for age, mFI4 was associated with increased mortality compared with mFI1 (odds ratio, 3.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-8.54). Increased mFI-5 was associated with bleeding complications, wound infections, urinary tract infections, prolonged ventilation, sepsis, unplanned reoperations, and discharge to nonhome destination (all P < .01). Compared with mFI1 (13.5%), mFI4 was associated with increased 30-day readmission (24.8%, P < .0001). In patients undergoing LE bypass for CLI, higher mFI-5 was associated with increased postoperative complications, in-hospital and 30-day mortality, nonhome discharge, and 30-day readmission. The mFI-5 as an easily calculated tool can identify patients at high risk for inferior outcomes. It should be incorporated into discharge planning after LE bypass for CLI.